Rocco De Nicola

Marco Bernardo, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: A uniform framework for modeling nondeterministic, probabilistic, stochastic, or mixed processes and their behavioral equivalences. Inf. Comput. 225: 29-82 (2013)

Alessandro Celestini, Rocco De Nicola, Francesco Tiezzi: Specifying and analysing reputation systems with a coordination language. SAC 2013: 1363-1368

Rocco De Nicola, Christine Julien (Eds.): Coordination Models and Languages, 15th International Conference, COORDINATION 2013, Held as Part of the 8th International Federated Conference on Distributed Computing Techniques, DisCoTec 2013, Florence, Italy, June 3-5, 2013. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7890, Springer 2013, isbn 978-3-642-38492-9

Marco Bernardo, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Revisiting Trace and Testing Equivalences for Nondeterministic and Probabilistic Processes. FoSSaCS 2012: 195-209

Luís Caires, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese, Vasco Thudichum Vasconcelos, Gianluigi Zavattaro: Core Calculi for Service-Oriented Computing. Results of the SENSORIA Project 2011: 153-188

Rocco De Nicola, Diego Latella, Michele Loreti, Mieke Massink: SoSL: A Service-Oriented Stochastic Logic. Results of the SENSORIA Project 2011: 447-466

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Michele Loreti, Rosario Pugliese: A Language-Based Approach to Autonomic Computing. FMCO 2011: 25-48

Lucia Acciai, Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola: Linear-Time and May-Testing in a Probabilistic Reactive Setting. FMOODS/FORTE 2011: 29-43

Rocco De Nicola, Andrea Margheri, Francesco Tiezzi: Orchestrating Tuple-Based Languages. TGC 2011: 160-178

Marco Bernardo, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Uniform Labeled Transition Systems for Nondeterministic, Probabilistic, and Stochastic Process Calculi. PACO 2011: 66-75

Rocco De Nicola: Behavioral Equivalences. Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing 2011: 120-127

Rocco De Nicola: Process Algebras. Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing 2011: 1624-1636

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Anna Labella: Tree-functors, determinacy and bisimulations. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 20(3): 319-358 (2010)

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, René Rydhof Hansen, Flemming Nielson, Hanne Riis Nielson, Christian W. Probst, Rosario Pugliese: From Flow Logic to static type systems for coordination languages. Sci. Comput. Program. 75(6): 376-397 (2010)

Marco Bernardo, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Uniform Labeled Transition Systems for Nondeterministic, Probabilistic, and Stochastic Processes. TGC 2010: 35-56

Rocco De Nicola, Diego Latella, Michele Loreti, Mieke Massink: MarCaSPiS: a Markovian Extension of a Calculus for Services. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 229(4): 11-26 (2009)

Rocco De Nicola, Diego Latella, Michele Loreti, Mieke Massink: On a Uniform Framework for the Definition of Stochastic Process Languages. FMICS 2009: 9-25

Rocco De Nicola, Diego Latella, Michele Loreti, Mieke Massink: Rate-Based Transition Systems for Stochastic Process Calculi. ICALP (2) 2009: 435-446

Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Multiple-Labelled Transition Systems for nominal calculi and their logics. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 18(1): 107-143 (2008)

Giuseppe Castagna, Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Varacca: Semantic subtyping for the pi-calculus. Theor. Comput. Sci. 398(1-3): 217-242 (2008)

Francesco Calzolai, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti, Francesco Tiezzi: TAPAs: A Tool for the Analysis of Process Algebras. T. Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency 1: 54-70 (2008)

Rocco De Nicola, Pierpaolo Degano, José Meseguer: Ugo Montanari in a Nutshell. Concurrency, Graphs and Models 2008: 1-8

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Implementing Session Centered Calculi. COORDINATION 2008: 17-32

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, René Rydhof Hansen, Flemming Nielson, Hanne Riis Nielson, Christian W. Probst, Rosario Pugliese: From Flow Logic to Static Type Systems for Coordination Languages. COORDINATION 2008: 100-116

Michele Boreale, Roberto Bruni, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Sessions and Pipelines for Structured Service Programming. FMOODS 2008: 19-38

Roberto Bruni, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti, Leonardo Gaetano Mezzina: Provably Correct Implementations of Services. TGC 2008: 69-86

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, José Meseguer (Eds.): Concurrency, Graphs and Models, Essays Dedicated to Ugo Montanari on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5065, Springer 2008, isbn 978-3-540-68676-7

Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Multi Labelled Transition Systems: A Semantic Framework for Nominal Calculi. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 169: 133-146 (2007)

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Falassi, Michele Loreti: Implementing a Distributed Mobile Calculus Using the IMC Framework. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 181: 63-79 (2007)

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese: Basic observables for a calculus for global computing. Inf. Comput. 205(10): 1491-1525 (2007)

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese: Global computing in a dynamic network of tuple spaces. Sci. Comput. Program. 64(2): 187-204 (2007)

Rocco De Nicola, Joost-Pieter Katoen, Diego Latella, Michele Loreti, Mieke Massink: Model checking mobile stochastic logic. Theor. Comput. Sci. 382(1): 42-70 (2007)

Rocco De Nicola: Session Centered Calculi for Service Oriented Computing. ICTCS 2007: 6-10

Maria Carla Palmeri, Rocco De Nicola, Mieke Massink: Basic Observables for Probabilistic May Testing. QEST 2007: 189-200

Rocco De Nicola (Ed.): Programming Languages and Systems, 16th European Symposium on Programming, ESOP 2007, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practics of Software, ETAPS 2007, Braga, Portugal, March 24 - April 1, 2007, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4421, Springer 2007, isbn 978-3-540-71314-2

Rocco De Nicola, Joost-Pieter Katoen, Diego Latella, Mieke Massink: Towards a Logic for Performance and Mobility. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 153(2): 161-175 (2006)

Rocco De Nicola: From Process Calculi to Klaim and Back. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 162: 159-162 (2006)

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese: Confining data and processes in global computing applications. Sci. Comput. Program. 63(1): 57-87 (2006)

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Implementing Mobile and Distributed Applications in X-Klaim. Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 7(4) (2006)

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese: On the expressive power of KLAIM-based calculi. Theor. Comput. Sci. 356(3): 387-421 (2006)

Martin Wirsing, Rocco De Nicola, Stephen Gilmore, Matthias M. Hölzl, Roberto Lucchi, Mirco Tribastone, Gianluigi Zavattaro: SensoriaProcess Calculi for Service-Oriented Computing. TGC 2006: 30-50

Michele Boreale, Roberto Bruni, Luís Caires, Rocco De Nicola, Ivan Lanese, Michele Loreti, Francisco Martins, Ugo Montanari, António Ravara, Davide Sangiorgi, Vasco Thudichum Vasconcelos, Gianluigi Zavattaro: SCC: A Service Centered Calculus. WS-FM 2006: 38-57

Rocco De Nicola, Davide Sangiorgi: Types in concurrency. Acta Inf. 42(2-3): 79-81 (2005)

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese: On the Expressive Power of Klaim-based Calculi. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 128(2): 117-130 (2005)

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Ugo Montanari, Rosario Pugliese, Emilio Tuosto: A Process Calculus for QoS-Aware Applications. COORDINATION 2005: 33-48

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese: Global Computing in a Dynamic Network of Tuple Spaces. COORDINATION 2005: 157-172

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Falassi, Marc Lacoste, Michele Loreti: A Flexible and Modular Framework for Implementing Infrastructures for Global Computing. DAIS 2005: 181-193

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese: Pattern Matching over a Dynamic Network of Tuple Spaces. FMOODS 2005: 1-14

Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Gorla, Rosario Pugliese: Basic Observables for a Calculus for Global Computing. ICALP 2005: 1226-1238

Rocco De Nicola: Languages and Process Calculi for Network Aware Programming - Short Summary -. ICTAC 2005: 49-52

Giuseppe Castagna, Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Varacca: Semantic Subtyping for the p-Calculus. LICS 2005: 92-101

Rocco De Nicola, Diego Latella, Mieke Massink: Formal modeling and quantitative analysis of KLAIM-based mobile systems. SAC 2005: 428-435

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola: Mobile Distributed Programming in X-Klaim. SFM 2005: 29-68

Rocco De Nicola, Davide Sangiorgi (Eds.): Trustworthy Global Computing, International Symposium, TGC 2005, Edinburgh, UK, April 7-9, 2005, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3705, Springer 2005, isbn 3-540-30007-4

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Formulae Meet Programs Over the Net: A Framework for Correct Network Aware Programming. Autom. Softw. Eng. 11(3): 245-288 (2004)

Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: A modal logic for mobile agents. ACM Trans. Comput. Log. 5(1): 79-128 (2004)

Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: MoMo: A Modal Logic for Reasoning About Mobility. FMCO 2004: 95-119

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Daniele Falassi, Marc Lacoste, Luís M. B. Lopes, Licínio Oliveira, Hervé Paulino, Vasco Thudichum Vasconcelos: A Software Framework for Rapid Prototyping of Run-Time Systems for Mobile Calculi. Global Computing 2004: 179-207

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Greg Meredith (Eds.): Coordination Models and Languages, 6th International Conference, COORDINATION 2004, Pisa, Italy, February 24-27, 2004, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2949, Springer 2004, isbn 3-540-21044-X

Rocco De Nicola, Anna Labella: Nondeterministic regular expressions as solutions of equational systems. Theor. Comput. Sci. 302(1-3): 179-189 (2003)

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Ugo Montanari, Rosario Pugliese, Emilio Tuosto: A Formal Basis for Reasoning on Programmable QoS. Verification: Theory and Practice 2003: 436-479

Lorenzo Bettini, Viviana Bono, Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Daniele Gorla, Michele Loreti, Eugenio Moggi, Rosario Pugliese, Emilio Tuosto, Betti Venneri: The Klaim Project: Theory and Practice. Global Computing 2003: 88-150

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Trace and Testing Equivalence on Asynchronous Processes. Inf. Comput. 172(2): 139-164 (2002)

Flavio Corradini, Rocco De Nicola, Anna Labella: An Equational Axiomatization of Bisimulation over Regular Expressions. J. Log. Comput. 12(2): 301-320 (2002)

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Klava: a Java package for distributed and mobile applications. Softw., Pract. Exper. 32(14): 1365-1394 (2002)

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Formalizing Properties of Mobile Agent Systems. COORDINATION 2002: 72-87

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola: A Java Middleware for Guaranteeing Privacy of Distributed Tuple Spaces. FIDJI 2002: 175-184

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: Software update via mobile agent based programming. SAC 2002: 32-36

Luis Filipe Andrade, Paolo Baldan, Hubert Baumeister, Roberto Bruni, Andrea Corradini, Rocco De Nicola, José Luiz Fiadeiro, Fabio Gadducci, Stefania Gnesi, Piotr Hoffman, Nora Koch, Piotr Kosiuczenko, Alessandro Lapadula, Diego Latella, Antónia Lopes, Michele Loreti, Mieke Massink, Franco Mazzanti, Ugo Montanari, Cristóvão Oliveira, Rosario Pugliese, Andrzej Tarlecki, Michel Wermelinger, Martin Wirsing, Artur Zawlocki: AGILE: Software Architecture for Mobility. WADT 2002: 1-33

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: XKlaim and Klava: Programming Mobile Code. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 62: 24-37 (2001)

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Proof Techniques for Cryptographic Processes. SIAM J. Comput. 31(3): 947-986 (2001)

Xiao Jun Chen, Rocco De Nicola: Algebraic characterizations of trace and decorated trace equivalences over tree-like structures. Theor. Comput. Sci. 254(1-2): 337-361 (2001)

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Divergence in testing and readiness semantics. Theor. Comput. Sci. 266(1-2): 237-248 (2001)

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola: Translating Strong Mobility into Weak Mobility. Mobile Agents 2001: 182-197

Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Linda-based applicative and imperative process algebras. Theor. Comput. Sci. 238(1-2): 389-437 (2000)

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Rosario Pugliese, Betti Venneri: Types for access control. Theor. Comput. Sci. 240(1): 215-254 (2000)

Rocco De Nicola, Michele Loreti: A Modal Logic for KLAIM. AMAST 2000: 339-354

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Rosario Pugliese: Programming Access Control: The KLAIM Experience. CONCUR 2000: 48-65

Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese, Antony I. T. Rowstron: Proving the Correctness of Optimising Destructive and Non-destructive Reads over Tuple Spaces. COORDINATION 2000: 66-80

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Process Algebraic Analysis of Cryptographic Protocols. FORTE 2000: 375-392

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Rosario Pugliese: Mobile Applications in X-KLAIM. WOA 2000: 1-6

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Basic Observables for Processes. Inf. Comput. 149(1): 77-98 (1999)

Flavio Corradini, Rocco De Nicola, Anna Labella: A finite axiomatization of nondeterministic regular expressions. ITA 33(4/5): 447-466 (1999)

Flavio Corradini, Rocco De Nicola, Anna Labella: Models of Nondeterministic Regular Expressions. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 59(3): 412-449 (1999)

Rocco De Nicola: Coordination and Access Control of Mobile Agents. COORDINATION 1999: 1-2

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Rosario Pugliese: Types as Specifications of Access Policies. Secure Internet Programming 1999: 118-146

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: A Theory of "May" Testing for Asynchronous Languages. FoSSaCS 1999: 165-179

Flavio Corradini, Rocco De Nicola, Anna Labella: Graded Modalities and Resource Bisimulation. FSTTCS 1999: 381-393

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Proof Techniques for Cryptographic Processes. LICS 1999: 157-166

Rocco De Nicola, Anna Labella: Tree Morphisms and Bisimulations. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 18: 46-64 (1998)

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Rosario Pugliese: KLAIM: A Kernel Language for Agents Interaction and Mobility. IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 24(5): 315-330 (1998)

Simone Veglioni, Rocco De Nicola: Possible Worlds for Process Algebras. CONCUR 1998: 179-193

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Asynchronous Observations of Processes. FoSSaCS 1998: 95-109

Lorenzo Bettini, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese, Gian Luigi Ferrari: Interactive Mobile Agents in X-Klaim. WETICE 1998: 110-117

Flavio Corradini, Rocco De Nicola: Locality Based Semantics for Process Algebras. Acta Inf. 34(4): 291-324 (1997)

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Rosario Pugliese: Coordinating Mobile Agents via Blackboards and Access Rights. COORDINATION 1997: 220-237

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Basic Observables for Processes. ICALP 1997: 482-492

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari, Rosario Pugliese: Locality Based Linda: Programming with Explicit Localities. TAPSOFT 1997: 712-726

Rocco De Nicola, Scott A. Smolka: Concurrency: Theory and Practice. ACM Comput. Surv. 28(4es): 52 (1996)

Flavio Corradini, Rocco De Nicola: On Four Partial Ordering Semantics for a Process Calculus. Fundam. Inform. 27(4): 349-383 (1996)

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola: A Symbolic Semantics for the pi-Calculus. Inf. Comput. 126(1): 34-52 (1996)

Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: A Process Algebra Based on LINDA. COORDINATION 1996: 160-178

Xiao Jun Chen, Rocco De Nicola: Algebraic Characterizations of Decorated Trace Equivalences over Tree-Like Structures. ICALP 1996: 63-74

Rocco De Nicola, Rosario Pugliese: Testing Semantics of Asynchronous Distributed Programs. LOMAPS 1996: 320-344

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola: Testing Equivalence for Mobile Processes. Inf. Comput. 120(2): 279-303 (1995)

Rocco De Nicola, Frits W. Vaandrager: Three Logics for Branching Bisimulation. J. ACM 42(2): 458-487 (1995)

Rocco De Nicola, Roberto Segala: A Process Algebraic View of Input/Output Automata. Theor. Comput. Sci. 138(2): 391-423 (1995)

Rocco De Nicola, Alessandro Fantechi, Stefania Gnesi, Salvatore Larosa, Gioia Ristori: Verifying hardware components within JACK. CHARME 1995: 246-260

Flavio Corradini, Rocco De Nicola, Anna Labella: Fully Abstract Models for Nondeterministic Regular Expressions. CONCUR 1995: 130-144

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola: A Symbolic Semantics for the pi-calculus (Extended Abstract). CONCUR 1994: 299-314

Flavio Corradini, Rocco De Nicola: Distribution and Locality of Concurrent Systems. ICALP 1994: 154-165

Rocco De Nicola, Anna Labella: A Completeness Theorem fro Nondeterministic Kleene Algebras. MFCS 1994: 536-545

Rocco De Nicola, Alessandro Fantechi, Stefania Gnesi, Gioia Ristori: An Action-Based Framework for Verifying Logical and Behavioural Properties of Concurrent Systems. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 25(7): 761-778 (1993)

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari: Universal Axioms for Bisimulations. Theor. Comput. Sci. 114(1): 63-91 (1993)

Michele Boreale, Rocco De Nicola: Testing Equivalence for Mobile Processes (Extended Abstract). CONCUR 1992: 2-16

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari: Observation Trees. NAPAW 1992: 103-118

Rocco De Nicola, Alessandro Fantechi, Stefania Gnesi, Gioia Ristori: An Action Based Framework for Verifying Logical and Behavioural Properties of Concurrent Systems. CAV 1991: 37-47

Rocco De Nicola: Action and State-based Logics for Process Algebras. CONCUR 1991: 20-22

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari: A Partial Ordering Semantics for CCS. Theor. Comput. Sci. 75(3): 223-262 (1990)

Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari, Frits W. Vaandrager: Back and Forth Bisimulations. CONCUR 1990: 152-165

Rocco De Nicola, Gian Luigi Ferrari: Observational Logics and Concurrency Models. FSTTCS 1990: 301-315

Rocco De Nicola, Frits W. Vaandrager: Three Logics for Branching Bisimulation (Extended Abstract). LICS 1990: 118-129

Rocco De Nicola, Frits W. Vaandrager: Action versus State based Logics for Transition Systems. Semantics of Systems of Concurrent Processes 1990: 407-419

Rocco De Nicola, Paola Inverardi, Monica Nesi: Using the Adxiomatic Presentation of Behavioural Equivalences for Manipulating CCS Specifications. Automatic Verification Methods for Finite State Systems 1989: 54-67

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari: A Distributed Operational Semantics for CCS Based on Condition/Event Systems. Acta Inf. 26(1/2): 59-91 (1988)

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari: On the Consistency of ``Truly Concurrent'' Operational and Denotational Semantics (Extended Abstract). LICS 1988: 133-141

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari: Partial orderings descriptions and observations of nondeterministic concurrent processes. REX Workshop 1988: 438-466

Rocco De Nicola: Extensional Equivalences for Transition Systems. Acta Inf. 24(2): 211-237 (1987)

Rocco De Nicola, Matthew Hennessy: CCS without tau's. TAPSOFT, Vol.1 1987: 138-152

Luca Aceto, Rocco De Nicola, Alessandro Fantechi: Testing Equivalences for Event Structures. Mathematical Models for the Semantics of Parallelism 1986: 1-20

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari: CCS is an (Augmented) Contact Free C/E System. Mathematical Models for the Semantics of Parallelism 1986: 144-165

Rocco De Nicola: Net Theory and Application - Response. IFIP Congress 1986: 833-836

Rocco De Nicola: Two Complete Axiom Systems for a Theory of Communicating Sequential Processes. Information and Control 64(1-3): 136-172 (1985)

Pierpaolo Degano, Rocco De Nicola, Ugo Montanari: Partial ordering derivations for CCS. FCT 1985: 520-533

Rocco De Nicola, Matthew Hennessy: Testing Equivalences for Processes. Theor. Comput. Sci. 34: 83-133 (1984)

Rocco De Nicola: Models and Operators for Nondeterministic Processes. MFCS 1984: 433-442

Rocco De Nicola: A Complete Set of Axioms for a Theory of Communicating Sequential Processes. FCT 1983: 115-126

Rocco De Nicola, Matthew Hennessy: Testing Equivalence for Processes. ICALP 1983: 548-560

Rocco De Nicola, A. Matelli, Ugo Montanari: Communication Through Message Passing or Shared Memory: A Formal Comparison. ICDCS 1981: 513-522